>>1882943 He was like the one design the people liked. A big trash can was the best the team could come up with.

>>1882943 I'm pretty sure he was the literal only character anybody liked, he's certainly the only I've seen unironic fanart of. I guess you could say he was a one off

No Mans Sky easy, just pitch it as early access until it's undergone the various updates which fixed everything, then have it be full release. >>1882963 People like that he's not a fugly mixed dyke, and instead is a innocent big metal buddy. If the entire cast had been robots it would have done so much better, people love huggable/fuggable robits

>>1882939 For some reason I read your OP as "art was inspired by Morbius". As for a failed game, let's take Starborne, sorry that's not its name, Starfield. Bethesda's strength was always in the dungeon crawling, so let's make it Morrowind Daggerfall in space, planets are randomly generated, there's a thousand dungeon room prefabs that can randomly combine to make unique dungeons. There is no main story, you can start with whatever faction you want(or none), on a few starting planets of your choosing, and you can even choose not to have a ship in the beginning. There are still no aliens based, so let's say that humanity was once a space faring empire, but now we are in a Dark-Age/Post Apocalypse, there are only a few settlements, that are retrying to restore humanity's former glory yes, we are doing Fallout in space as well, and you explore planets and sometimes discover Vaults Ancient Human Settlements, to get ancient technology, for spaceship and equipment upgrades. Maybe we can even keep the whole universe hopping thing, and this randomizes the status of the universe as well as faction powers, maybe in Universe 1, Faction A controls 5% of space, but in Universe 2, Faction A controls 80% of space.

>>1882939 Sure. Knockout City is a multiplayer, class-based action game about a retirement home for forgotten/failed video game mascots. One day a business man representing Ninsonft appears, interested in choosing one of them for a high budget revival (nostalgia bait is all the rage these days). To decide who'll earn this opportunity, they must compete in a series of events ranging from a free for all death matches, racing through obstacle courses, dodge-ball matches and so on. Each playable character hails from a different genre of game that parodies IRL popular franchises and trends, including: >90s 3D platform animal mascot with tank controls and a double jump. Constantly references outdated pop culture. >late 2000s brown and bloom patriotic army man with regenerating health and limited movement options. Speaks in chained voicelines. >Japanese arcade shmup magical girl who's always moving forward. She's region locked (only speaks Japanese and nobody understand her) >late 2000s 2deep4you indie platformer guy with a time manipulation gimmick. Speaks exclusively through verbose heavy monologues about entry-level philosophy >early mobile boom puzzle blob thing whose powers are pay2win and cannot move, instead being flung through the air by an unseen force. Only speaks high pitched screams. >Warcraft parody orc who's always seen from an overhead view and must repeat the same voicelines with every action (zug zug!). >JRPG guy with a sword whose actions are done through menuing in an ATB system. Speaks in Woolsey-style typos, censored dialogue and terrible PS1 voice acting >rude point and click flash game guy who does drugs, wields photoshopped weapons and has choppy framerates and horrible loading times. Speaks in mid 2000s internet lingo. Something something skins and alts you can get for each character.

>>1882939 Remember that failed game pitch about a "team looter" that takes place in the future and you're stealing "Ancient Earth" artifacts from evil capitalists because Karl Marx is literally your god? Do that, but the exact opposite.

>>1883267 Concepts like that and games like The Hex (not exactly the greatest example but it's the only other one of the "genre" I can really think of) really make me wonder why some studios haven't just taken a slew of their failed/canceled projects to turn into a genre-crossing competition among them all. It worked for Super Smash Bros. and Slap City, but few games ever try to do more than that and make an actual narrative involving different properties interacting in the same way.

>>1883308 They tried to rip off smash without grasping that part of its success is due to Nintendo doing a better job at embracing their properties and presenting them as one big family. Even during the Nintendo Power days you would have big crossover comics where Banjo and Bomberman would hang out with Mario and Kirby to save Christmas from Wario or something. Not to imply that Nintendo gives all franchises equal treatment but at least Smash keeps them alive in public consciousness.

>>1883298 >Do that, but the exact opposite. Got it

>>1883376 >>1883298

>>1883298 I do remember that.

>>1883298 >Remember that failed game pitch about a "team looter" that takes place in the future and you're stealing "Ancient Earth" artifacts from evil capitalists because Karl Marx is literally your god? Borderlands?

>>1883469 AKA "CA wasted money on this instead of polishing the more recent Total War games"

>>1883469 THAT'S the name! I would never have found it using the keywords I was using. Thanks.

>>1883469 This is the first and hopefully last time I have ever used a soyjak, but pic related is the only thing I can think of with that video.

>>1883469 I'm not sure I've seen something so aggressively 2012 Tumblr. That video really steals the president's shoelaces and narwhals the bacon.

>>1883358 >but at least Smash keeps them alive in public consciousness. That's sort of the crux of why I think it'd be interesting to see more companies take their properties and mash them together like that. Especially for shuttered or canceled properties, then they could at least make use of an IP or character that would otherwise sit forgotten and potentially drive interest in a remake/remaster for it. >>1883469 Wow, I actually forgot that even existed. It's even worse than I remember. Those are some of the ugliest women I've seen put to screen.

>>1883358 Saw this post on the front page and couldn't believe you weren't talking about PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale. So okay, I'll play OP's game. >Pay whatever it takes to get Crash and Spyro in the game. In fact, use as many characters from them as you can. Coco can at least be an alt-skin for Crash, and Cortex is the closest they have to Bowser or Robotnik, so he should be playable. >No other third party multiplatform stuff, except maybe Lara Croft if they could have gotten her for cheap, since she was legitimately one of the biggest characters ever, and as far as casuals knew, was a PS exclusive. Obviously no Bioshock. Once shit like that starts getting in, it fails to even be a PlayStation-themed game anymore. This isn't Smash Bros., where including Sonic felt special because he was their biggest rival, and even in Brawl he only shows up at the very end of Subspace, because it's a big special deal. Actually, Snake in Brawl was stupid, too. And even if Snake was in PS All-Stars instead of Raiden, it would still be stupid. >Instead, focus on even obscure PS characters. Smash Bros. made people pretend Ice Climbers was actually a good game. It made gaijin care about Fire Emblem. A PS equivalent should have at least included Robbit. They could have included Blasto and just re-used Phil Hartman lines. Why the hell isn't Lammy playable? Because they already have Parappa? They need more characters anyway. I'd rather have Lammy than Evil Cole. I could go on all day with more and better first party characters they could and should have used. >They should have included Joel & Ellie as an Ice Climbers-esque duo. I hate the game they're from, but it came out very shortly after PS All-Stars, and was a major first party release. Obviously it should have been included. >Ditch the stupid gimmick of collecting orbs, which is ripped off from Digimon Battle Spirit. If you want to pretend you aren't copying Smash Bros. entirely, then just give the characters regular HP bars and be done with it. >Have an autistic as fuck story, since even the PS1 sold itself on having FMVs and CD audio, allowing for much more story than Nintendo. Even Crash has a lot of story compared to Mario. And one of the first PS games, with many sequels including one that was recent when All-Stars came out, is about a guy who holds magical tournaments between mismatched contestants, who in deep lore has universe-hopping powers. Obviously they could have done an autistic story with Calypso making all these characters fight. Maybe partway through the game it starts hinting he is being mind-controlled, and at first you think it's Cortex, since he's the villain of the de-facto original mascot, and uses mind-control tech. But maybe after that things start looking more serious, like it's the work of gods from God of War or something. But no, it's Specter, from Ape Escape. There should be a Mortal Kombat 9 style story. But even if there wasn't, there could have at least been the type of story regular fighting games have, where there's at least a reason for things to happen and backstories for each character. >follow it up with a racing game. They should have gotten Naughty Dog to keep making racing games, since the two they made are the best. I don't even like Uncharted, but I'm sure I would have loved UnKarted. I would have even played The Fast of Us.

Arms wasted a clown girl I really like, and it would've been so easy to get right if they followed splatoon's lead and focused on strong world building and creating a world that feels alive. It needed a career mode where you play as a scrappy underdog who needs to penny pinch for equipment and spend time training. That'd give a lot more space to explore who these characters are outside of the ring, and give players a chance to familiarize themself with the the game before caring as much about an arcade mode or playing against other players. Also means you get a full experience even if arcade or versus isn't for you. Career mode should also steal raising sim mechanics, like managing the character's stress and reputation stats. Depending on what your stats are at the end of the game, you get different endings.

>please do my job for me Kek, it's been a while since I've seen a thread like this

>>1883963 >implying any of these games will get a second chance

>>1882939 >Even Rule34 wouldn't touch Concord Lmao >>1883798 God PSASBR was my autistic dream game, and then I played it. Had a personal essay or two lying around about what went wrong, how to avoid it in the future, rosterfaggotry, etc. I'd really want to see a PSASBR2 done justice, but I have no clue what would be the best case scenario * Second attempt at a platform fighter (ideally without Supers to Kill) * Traditional fighter (would've made more sense when Sony owned EVO, 4 player optional) * Arena/hero shooter capture the flag, or some other form of 3d action multiplayer (Concord but not trash) * Fuck the multiplayer aspect, just make Sony Kingdom Hearts (as stated, Sony thrived having actual story as a selling point even back in PS1) >Calypso and Specter as big bads Funny how every time I see story ideas crop up for PSASBR, it's always those two, and they always end up making the most sense.

>>1884096 Sunk cost fallacy is a hell of a drug anon.

>>1884185 PlayStation All-Stars wasn't exactly a difficult concept. Rip off Smash Bros. but use PlayStation characters. They somehow managed to fuck up both of those things. I don't think the game is actually bad, I had fun with it, but obviously they fucked it up. >story The autist in me wants to just make a full on fanfiction, but I know it wouldn't be fair because I am biased in what games I like enough to actually finish and learn the story. Like I know Legend of Dragoon should be in the game, but I have no interest in it and thus don't know the story and wouldn't be able to incorporate it correctly. I like Jumping Flash, and I'm still mad that it wasn't in the game. Not only is Robbit the original PlayStation mascot, but Baron Aloha is a perfect villain for this concept. He's the actual nemesis of the original PlayStation mascot, and his modus operandi is to grab chunks of planets and put them in bottles. In other words, he's Brainiac from DC Comics. As luck would have it, DC used Brainiac as an excuse for a multiversal crossover just a couple years after PS All-Stars. He puts things in bottles, then makes them fight. Easy enough. They needed an excuse to give Brainiac the ability to grab chunks from different universes, but okay, we just need a similar excuse for Baron Aloha. Stealing Calypso's power would do it. That's been done before. Is there a limit on Calypso's power? I guess he needs souls to power his magic ring or whatever. I know that's 989 Studios lore, and people might not want to count those as canon, but Head-On seemed to go out of its way to not completely invalidate 3 and 4, so I figure they count. Calypso can't bring Grasshopper back to life without her wishing for it, so he must be limited somehow, maybe by needing the winner to actually wish for it. Things in 2012 seem to imply it's the same Calypso from all three Twisted Metal universes (though maybe they're one main universe and the other two are pocket universes within pocket universes), but maybe that's from getting enough souls. Or maybe the story about Calypso stealing Mr. Ash's power is only canon to the original universe, and 2012 Calypso is the real devil, since Preacher straight up calls him The Devil in that game. Could he be the same guy as Hades from God of War? I never liked God of War enough to play it and find out. Come to think of it, Baron Aloha's plan from Jumping Flash is exactly the same as Chairman Drek's from Ratchet & Clank. And of course Ratchet's series also has The Dimensionator, which can also be used to hop universes. But Chairman Drek is dead and bringing him back is stupid. The better idea would be to see what's going on, and Ratchet thinks it's Drek, but no, it's forgotten villain from a game only I remember. Also it could be Captain Kabuki, who does the same thing but is more powerful than Baron Aloha, but that's lame because Baron Aloha is the original. Maybe he has found a way to control Captain Kabuki. Maybe with the Cortex Vortex, which he's stolen. And when Cortex complains about someone stealing his work, it's pointed out that he stole the Evolvo-Ray from N. Brio anyway. Oh, and Captain Kabuki is basically a giant banana. That can tie in with Specter. He can be an epic final boss fight. He looks like he could be an Ape Escape kaiju thing anyway. It totally works. I heard the studio that made Jumping Flash got bought by Sony and became the studio that made Ape Escape. I have no idea if that's true, but the games always did seem to share very similar aesthetics. I want to believe it. And I suppose Ripto has the ability to jump universes/dimensions too. And The Professor from Spyro can do it. He bridges the gap between magic and science. That's some deep lore right there.

>>1883798 >follow it up with a racing game. Why not just do that from the start? This was before CTR got remade, they could have just turned it into a genre-bending racing game featuring all kinds of characters from their games. Claypso brings players in from Crash, Spyro, Ratchet & Clank, TLoU, Twisted Metal, Silent Hill, Infamous, Mortal Kombat, Parappa, Rayman, Ridge Racer and more to race for their chance to get sent back to their own world or for a wish or whatever. And in the end it turns out Calypso was just a cover for a character that managed to hop from their own game on system data to invade another and bring them all there - Vibri, who's pissed everyone forgot about her existence in favor of fancy 3D graphics and canonically can run on just the system's memory without a disc. After all, nobody would expect her.

>>1884341 >but I know it wouldn't be fair because I am biased in what games I like enough to actually finish and learn the story. To be fair, Sakurai's bias is pretty blatant when it comes to Smash. He loves Kirby games but only the ones he worked on and fantasy (tactical) RPGs over, say, Yoshi's Island.

>>1884341 >Maybe he has found a way to control Captain Kabuki. Maybe with the Cortex Vortex, which he's stolen. And when Cortex complains about someone stealing his work, it's pointed out that he stole the Evolvo-Ray from N. Brio anyway. Another option would be to have them team up. Pull a Legion of Doom of evil scientists who are working together to conquer not a universe but the multiverse. And them betrayal happens.

>>1885187 Because that would be a different game. But yes, I love kart racers and they make for good crossovers. ModNation Racers and LittleBigPlanet Karting were good. If they couldn't just get Naughty Dog to make a kart racer, since all the talent that made CTR and Jak X would be long gone, then get the people that made LBP Karting to do it.

>>1885242 The problem with basing a crossover story around villains is that necessitates all characters included be paired with a villain. A lot of games otherwise perfect for a Sony crossover have more "elemental" antagonists. A demon sealed in the earth trying to destroy the world so she can be free that only has the power to manipulate dreams just doesn't work as a fighting game character, nor does an old man reduced to a giant blob by his bargain for immortality that unleashed evil on the world.

How do you even condense Sony to 20+5 characters? >Security (Marathon) >Toro Inoue >Arc (the Lad) >Sir Daniel Fortesque >Parapa >Sayaka >Virginia Maxwell >Sly Cooper >Jak and Daxter >Ratchet and Clank >Monica Raybrandt >Kratos >Radec >Garl Vinland >Sackboy >Nathan Drake >Cole MacGrath/Evil Cole (stance) >Adversary (Bloodborne) >Kat >Jin DLC >Heihachi >Spyro >Crash >Dart >??? Bosses >Giant Enemy Crab >Polygon Man

>>1886598 >No Ape Escape rep

>>1886598 >DLC Wander, with his ultimate being him in his Dormin form or just summoning one of the colossi for an attack.

Now I'm curious as to what a Microsoft fighting game would look like. Here's what I would think the roster might look like: >Ori >Cuphead >Master Chief >Steve >Marcus Fenix >Shu >Kaim Argonar >Playa >Frank West >Blinx >The Hero (Fable) >Marius Titus >Dust >someone from Age of Empires or Age of Mythology >someone from Crackdown >someone from Sunset Overdrive or Jade Empire >Tal, Ailish, Buki, and Elco >Tex >Crimson Dragon/White Phantom >Alan Wake Since Microsoft owns Actiblizz now they could also put in pretty much all of their iconic characters, but that honestly feels like cheating. Same thing with Bethesda to a lesser extent I guess. Could obviously double/triple up on the bigger IPs of course, but I'm too lazy to bother with that. >>1886598 >making Spyro and Crash DLC now that's just evil, people would be absolutely pissed. I'd probably have put in Cloud Strife somewhere in there.

>>1886643 >No Ape Escape rep You serious?

>>1886710 I put them (and Heihachi) as DLC because 1: licensing deals expire, and its better to lose a few character DLCs than the entire game from digital distribution 2: It's so much cleaner for royalties in the event the licencee wants that instead of a lump sum. As for an MS fighter, the question is how much it becomes an Activison-Blizzard fighter featuring Rareware characters. >>1886687 Wander would be good.

>>1886758 >actually it's not evil and completely ok that it will piss everyone off because it will make life easier and better line the pockets of the kikes at the top of the corporate food chain Kill yourself Moshi.

>>1882952 >>1882963 >the literal walking trashcan has a better, more memorable design than everything else in the game Tragedy and comedy surround us, for those with eyes to see.

>>1883659 >Those are some of the ugliest women I've seen put to screen One of those isn't a woman, anon.

You remember that avengers game? To be honest with you I dont think that game would need much to be successful. I think just changing the graphics to be cel-shaded and closer to the comics would have made the game so much more successful. Make the proportions closer to the comics as well.

>>1883469 Imagine putting all that effort into stealing cheap plastic shit that can be easily remade with 3D printing >>1984472 That would definitely be a solid choice

>>1984472 The recent one with Kamala Khan? Are you joking? That game has the same stuff wrong with it that every modern AAA game does: shitty hyper-realistic graphics, terrible Whedonesque writing, invasive live service bullshit, boring gameplay, and a shit story. The game would need to be completely reworked by a studio that knows how to make a fun game for one, and then get rewritten by people who aren't gigantic faggots just for it to have a chance to be good.

>>1984574 >shitty hyper-realistic graphics yeah see that is the part I wanted changed. I distinctly remembered when the game was announced people talked about how all the characters were just bootleg versions of the movie versions. If they had gone for something more stylized the game would have had a much better first impression. All the other problems would have tanked it in the long run anyway though so it might have been a failure overall anyway.

>>1984587 The look of it is definitely one of the major issues, for sure. I just think as a game there's way too much that needs fixing it'd be hard to salvage with just an art style change or even a minor rework. But seriously look at this shit, the characters all look clinically depressed.

>>1984574 >>1984472 Change the main characters to Power Pack >ample precedent for them gluing together crossovers >Katie can get both Wolverine and Frank Castle to play nice >since it's a group of four there's always enough for co-op >their power sets are original (not Mr. Fantastic but shittier) and not hideous >their characters aren't insufferable

>>1984602 I was going to say the same thing anon. Also >all 4 of them are fucking cute and pleasant to look at and no that's not just my boner talking.

>>1984621 You realize two of them are boys, right?

<Vampire The Masquerade Bloodlines 2 >Story You play as an elder vampire, as in a older vampire but not a stronger one, the game starts in the early 15th century europa, something happens which forces you to enter in torpor, 600 years later you wake up in 2025 new york In new york, you have find your bearings, what happened, where is your sire, assuming you had one, then deal with the faction war over NYC, very FNV, you can fuck up everything for your own benefit, for the benefits of humanity, or simply because you want to reveal vampires to entire world in the most apocalyptic way >Character creation you select your starting faction, Anarchs, Camarilla, Sabbat, or Catiff, this works as a soft difficult system, if you play as an anarch or a camarilla, the game is easier, sabbat is medium, catiff is hard you pick a clan and your bloodline, bloodlines grants buffs and debuffs, this helps with replayability you pick a background, merchant, diplomat, soldier, prince, beggar, nurse, jester, etc, the background gives the character buffs and debuffs and you pick an origin story, similar to dragon age origins, the origin story is based on the clan, this short story is the reason why your character goes into torpor and gets transported to USA 600 years later >Combat A more grounded version of Kingdom Hearts for melee combat, combos are context sensitive rather than input based, and for ranged combat you can change between FP and TP perspective >Gameplay Everything is a dice roll, including combat, every attack has a dice roll, every action has a dice roll, dialogs have dice rolls inventory management equipment system ammo management blood pool, humanity, masquerade, attributes, skills, background, disciplines, merits and flaws, adapt as much of the TTRPG ruleset as possible The masquerade damage is permanent, every time you break the masquerade hunters start following you, quests disappear, new quests appear, other supernatural creatures come after you, its not a game over but the game is harder >Pacing 10% to 15% of the game is set in the early 15th century europa, the rest of the game is set in modern day new york The objective is show as much as possible of the WoD universe, a monster bash setting, vampires, werewolves, faeries, demons, ghosts, hunters, cyberborgs, kuei-jin, etc its not drama game like Disco Elysium, think Baldur's Gate, Arcanum and Fallout 1/2/NV, you go from town to town doing quests, cleaning dungeons until you reach credit screen

>>1984642 >Medieval vampire waking up in modern day. Isn't that the plot of redemption? Either way I like it. Sure would have been better than the actual bloodlines 2 we got.

>>1984642 For a moment I forgot which thread I was looking at and got really confused. >Everything is a dice roll, including combat, every attack has a dice roll, every action has a dice roll, dialogs have dice rolls Are you going Morrowind with this or do you have a better idea for properly conveying this in what otherwise seems to be realtime action? Whiff Anims could be a thing, but I can still see it feeling bad if player input doesn't translate well to results.

>>1984602 >Katie can get both Wolverine and Frank Castle to play nice I prefer Molly Hayes method of handling Punisher. >their characters aren't insufferable Imagine being the poor bastard stuck playing with the power of gas or stuck flying around with the strength of a 12yr old girl. Sucks that Marvel kills off or ages up all their lolis before there's enough at the same time that they can form a team.

>>1882939 >literally just make it Bakumatsu Nioh I don't understand how this is even a fucking problem. Tecmo basically nailed the concept of how to do this sort of game right out of the gate with Nioh #1 and they have been instead on a slow path to fucking it up ever since. If they wanted to make it Nioh but more "grounded" so no youkai or overt magic that would be fine. You can still make a fun martial arts game like that.

>>1984967 >do you have a better idea for properly conveying this in what otherwise seems to be realtime action? Let's say the player is facing a zombie, the player has an axe, the first attack of the axe can safely move the character forward between 5 and 10 units, if the zombie is within 5 units is an automatic success, no reason to roll a dice, if the zombie is further away than 5 units, we have to roll the dice and difficult of the roll is based on this distance and type of terrain, if its slope, the angle of the slope, if its wet or sticky, if the zombie is 7 units away from the player the difficult should be around 4-7. First we check the vampire's dexterity, athletics, merits and flaw, this determines the number of rolls the game director will make for the actor. >if the vampire misses the vampire will attempt to attack but he won't be able to close the distance, and a MISS label will appear on top of him >if the vampire succeeds the vampire will close the distance and attack >if the vampire critically fails the vampire will faceplant into the ground >if the vampire critically succeeds the vampire receives some kind of buff, or automatically succeeds the following attack Next is the attack itself, its the same core idea but the player won't be able to miss since we've already checked for that in previous action, now we use dexterity + melee + merits + flaws vs zombie's difficult. >if the vampire fails the attack does minimum damage >if the vampire succeeds the attack does average damage + strength >if the vampire critically fails the weapon breaks in his hand and he hurts himself, or he drops the weapon on the floor, if he is using his fists or claws he hurts himself >if the vampire critically succeeds the attack does the maximum damage + strength if the attack isn't a critical failure, then the zombie will make a soak roll to decrease incoming damage. I think this system will be imperceptible to 99% of the players, imagine Kingdom Hearts but every time you attack there is a chance Sora's Keyblade disappears from his hand, or Sora trips and falls into the ground, or every time you try to use a spell it might explodes damaging you, same goes for the enemies and NPCs, the objective is to simulate a TTRPG encounter, its going to frustrate a few normalfag player but Bloodlines is not a mainstream game, is a niche RPG. Forgot to talk about graphics, I think something on the style Alice Madness Returns and Dishonored, stylized graphics is cheaper and easier to make than realistic graphics, you don't need high poly meshes or 4k texture, its going to run in most computers without dropping 60fps, and works as sequel since Bloodlines was stylized.

>>1985238 Jack can grow and shrink too and can concentrate his mass to do more damage. There's possibilities there. Julie may be a bit of a weak point but she would work well as a Scout character. And she's the best and fastest flyer. If nothing else you could add a power reshuffle mechanic to the game like how they ended up periodically swapping powers around in the original comics.

>>1985238 >Imagine being the poor bastard stuck playing with the power of gas or stuck flying around with the strength of a 12yr old girl. Jack got access to the bubble barriers latter, so he can be given them in the game's Earth-whatever. Julie actually has a decent array of secondary effects (wraping stuff with the rainbow trial, sonic boom, and a few works stress that her flying is super speed, which is the most broken and versatile superpower ever short of the magic/inventor and their ability to solve arbitrary problems) and that her powers are acceleration based brings some fun gameplay considerations (she has to stay moving to keep flying, and needs to stay at top speed for max ramming damage, so you have to thread movement around obstacles and line up enemies for max efficiency).